The late survival of archaic hominin populations and their long contemporaneity with modern humans is now clear for southeast
Asia1. In Europe the extinction of the Neanderthals, firmly associated with Mousterian technology, has received much attention, and evidence of their survival after 35 kyr BP has recently been put
in doubt2. Here we present data, based on a high-resolution record of human occupation from Gorham’s Cave, Gibraltar, that establish
the survival of a population of Neanderthals to 28 kyr BP.